Arabic, with all its dialects, are the most widely spoken languages in the Middle East, with Literary Arabic being official in all North African and in most West Asian countries. Learn more about the history of the classification of the region in this article. The Caucasus Mountains is located between the Caspian and the Black Seas. The British Navy should have the facility to concentrate in force if occasion arise, about Aden, India, and the Persian Gulf. According to the World Bank's World Development Indicators database published on July 1, 2009, the three largest Middle Eastern economies in 2008 were Turkey ($794,228), Saudi Arabia ($467,601) and Iran ($385,143) in terms of Nominal GDP. Due to it primarily being Arabic speaking, the Maghreb region of North Africa is sometimes included. Moreover, as Louise Fawcett argues, among many important areas of contention, or perhaps more accurately of anxiety, were, first, the desires of the superpowers to gain strategic advantage in the region, second, the fact that the region contained some two-thirds of the world's oil reserves in a context where oil was becoming increasingly vital to the economy of the Western world [...][31] Within this contextual framework, the United States sought to divert the Arab world from Soviet influence. It is the birthplace and spiritual center of religions such as Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Manichaeism, Yezidi, Druze, Yarsan and Mandeanism, and in Iran, Mithraism, Zoroastrianism, Manicheanism, and the Baháʼí Faith. Most of the countries that border the Persian Gulf have vast reserves of crude oil, with monarchs of the Arabian Peninsula in particular benefiting economically from petroleum exports. Parts of Africa (primarily Egypt and Sudan) are sometimes considered part of the Middle East as well. There are also important minority religions like the Baháʼí Faith, Yarsanism, Yazidism, Zoroastrianism, Mandaeism, Druze, and Shabakism, and in ancient times the region was home to Mesopotamian religions, Canaanite religions, Manichaeism, Mithraism and various monotheist gnostic sects. The total estimated population of the EMEA region is between 2.1 and 2.2 billion people occupying the land from the most northern parts of Europe all the way to the southern tip of Africa. How does Carter plan to promote his goals for the Middle East? Secretary of State John Foster Dulles defined the Middle East as "the area lying between and including Libya on the west and Pakistan on the east, Syria and Iraq on the North and the Arabian peninsula to the south, plus the Sudan and Ethiopia. From the 16th century onward, the Middle East came to be dominated, once again, by two main powers: the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid dynasty. The Middle East lies at the juncture of Eurasia and Africa and of the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean. [30] Estimated oil reserves, especially in Saudi Arabia and Iran, are some of the highest in the world, and the international oil cartel OPEC is dominated by Middle Eastern countries. Other Western Iranic languages spoken in the region include Achomi, Daylami, Kurdish dialects, Semmani, Lurish, amongst many others. Persian is the second most spoken language. The Middle East generally has a hot, arid climate, with several major rivers providing irrigation to support agriculture in limited areas such as the Nile Delta in Egypt, the Tigris and Euphrates watersheds of Mesopotamia (Iraq, Kuwait, and eastern Syria), and most of what is known as the Fertile Crescent. The answer to this question can either be opinionated with all of Turkey belonging to Europe or the Middle East, but then there’s the more accepted route by declaring Turkey a transcontinental country. The Arabian Desert is one of the most inhospitable areas in the world. European ethnic groups that form a diaspora in the region include Albanians, Bosniaks, Circassians (including Kabardians), Crimean Tatars, Greeks, Franco-Levantines, Italo-Levantines, and Iraqi Turkmens. Below is the complete EMEA list sorted by population. Because of the arid climate and heavy reliance on the fossil fuel industry, the Middle East is both a heavy contributor to climate change and a region expected to be severely negatively impacted by it. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. [18], The description Middle has also led to some confusion over changing definitions. The Associated Press Stylebook says that Near East formerly referred to the farther west countries while Middle East referred to the eastern ones, but that now they are synonymous. The land in between these power centers – Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Jordan – was the arena for proxy war and "[16] In 1958, the State Department explained that the terms "Near East" and "Middle East" were interchangeable, and defined the region as including only Egypt, Syria, Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar.[19]. The Indian Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea all surround Africa, to … [20], The term Middle East has also been criticised as Eurocentric ("based on a British Western perception") by Hanafi (1998). In contrast, "Far East" referred to the countries of East Asia (e.g. "[32] According to the International Organization for Migration, there are 13 million first-generation migrants from Arab nations in the world, of which 5.8 reside in other Arab countries. The MENA region is in the middle of a digital transformation, which 2020 and COVID-19 has only accelerated. [22] Even though the term originated in the West, apart from Arabic, other languages of countries of the Middle East also use a translation of it. [48] These emissions are mostly from the energy sector,[49] an integral component of many Middle Eastern and North African economies due to the extensive oil and natural gas reserves that are found within the region. Pakistan is bordered by several Asian countries including Afghanistan, China, Iran, and Oman, and is narrowly separated from Tajikistan by the Wakhan Corridor. Before the First World War, "Near East" was used in English to refer to the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire, while "Middle East" referred to Iran, the Caucasus, Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Turkestan. The short answer is that Egypt is in both Africa and the Middle East. [15], Until World War II, it was customary to refer to areas centered around Turkey and the eastern shore of the Mediterranean as the "Near East", while the "Far East" centered on China,[16] and the Middle East then meant the area from Mesopotamia to Burma, namely the area between the Near East and the Far East. Throughout the region, unemployment and underemployment, low wages, lack of opportunity and political repression are the root causes of this growing movement for reform. It's not a political or economic alliance like the European Union. The Middle East is, very generally speaking, an arid region in Southwest Asia and part of North Africa stretching from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf, bounded by the Black and Caspian Seas in the north and the Sahara Desert and Indian Ocean in the south. The term has come into wider usage as a replacement of the term Near East (as opposed to the Far East) beginning in the early 20th century. Hebrew is spoken and used by over 80% of Israel's population, the other 20% using Arabic. Islam is the largest religion in the Middle East, but other faiths that originated there, such as Judaism and Christianity, are also well represented. To promote peace in the region. The government of any particular country, no matter what "continent" they live on determines the quality of life for the people. The western border of the Middle East is defined by the Mediterranean Sea, where Israel, Lebanon, and Syria rest opposite from Greece and Italy in Europe. Another Semitic language such as Aramaic and its dialects are spoken mainly by Assyrians and Mandaeans. These were followed by the Hittite, Greek, Hurrian and Urartian civilisations of Asia Minor; Elam, Persia and Median civilizations in Iran, as well as the civilizations of the Levant (such as Ebla, Mari, Nagar, Ugarit, Canaan, Aramea, Mitanni, Phoenicia and Israel) and the Arabian Peninsula (Magan, Sheba, Ubar). In 2009 Arab countries received a total of US$35.1 billion in remittance in-flows and remittances sent to Jordan, Egypt and Lebanon from other Arab countries are 40 to 190 per cent higher than trade revenues between these and other Arab countries. The region is best known for oil production and export, which significantly impacts the entire region through the wealth it generates and through labor utilization. The Middle Eastern countries include Bahrain, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen in western Asia, Egypt in northern Africa, and Turkey straddling both continents. It extends for about 1,000 miles from the Iran Mountains to the Mediterranean Sea and 2,000 miles from the Arabian Sea to the Black Sea. Another Turkic language, Azerbaijani, is spoken by Azerbaijanis in Iran. Persian and Kurdish belong to the Indo-European language family. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia. The broader concept of the "Greater Middle East" (aka the Middle East and North Africa or the MENAP) also includes the Maghreb, Sudan, Djibouti, Somalia, the Comoros, Afghanistan, Paki… The Middle East is very diverse when it comes to religions, many of which originated there. It typically refers to southwest Asia, particularly Turkey, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, … Stay on top of Middle East latest developments on the ground with Al Jazeera’s fact-based news, exclusive video footage, photos and updated maps. Besides the political reasons there was also the "ideological conflict" between the two systems. Yakutsk, Russia – The World’s Coldest City, 10 Of The Most Notorious Serial Killers In The World. Ismael, Jacqueline S., Tareq Y. Ismael, and Glenn Perry. It extends for about 1,000 miles from the Iran Mountains to the Mediterranean Sea and 2,000 miles from the Arabian Sea to the Black Sea. During this series, Sir Ignatius expanded the definition of Middle East to include "those regions of Asia which extend to the borders of India or command the approaches to India. The term "Middle East" may have originated in the 1850s in the British India Office. Rub’ Al Khali Desert is the largest desert in the world, and it covers a huge part of Oman, United Arab Emirates, South Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. Around one third of Africa is located in the Southern Hemisphere. To protect the security of both the Soviet Union and the United States. The 4 caliphates that dominated the Middle East for more than 600 years were the Rashidun Caliphate, the Umayyad caliphate, the Abbasid caliphate and the Fatimid caliphate. Cleveland, William L., and Martin Bunton. [52][53][54] Sharp global temperature and sea level changes, shifting precipitation patterns and increased frequency of extreme weather events are some of the main impacts of climate change as identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}29°N 41°E / 29°N 41°E / 29; 41. Other defining events in this transformation included the establishment of Israel in 1948 and the eventual departure of European powers, notably Britain and France by the end of the 1960s. Industries of the Middle Eastern region include oil and oil-related products, agriculture, cotton, cattle, dairy, textiles, leather products, surgical instruments, defence equipment (guns, ammunition, tanks, submarines, fighter jets, UAVs, and missiles). [55] If greenhouse gas emissions are not significantly reduced, part of the MENA region risks becoming uninhabitable before the year 2100. [12] Mahan first used the term in his article "The Persian Gulf and International Relations", published in September 1902 in the National Review, a British journal. [29] Thus, the Romans stationed up to five or six of their legions in the region for the sole purpose of defending it from Sassanid and Bedouin raids and invasions. While China’s imports are diversified, it is the largest Middle East oil buyer globally, at just over 4 million bpd. Millions of people throughout the Middle East and North Africa are united in their demand for change. Africa’s total land area is approximately 11,724,000 square miles (30,365,000 square km), and the continent measures about 5,000 miles (8,000 km) from north to south and about 4,600 miles (7,400 km) from east … The estimated oil reserves in Saudi Arabia and Iran is the highest on earth. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions © 2021 worldatlas.com. Let’s go through the story of continents and how countries are divided along geographical and political borders. In Italian, the expression "Vicino Oriente" (Near East) was also widely used to refer to Turkey, and, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. The history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times, with the geopolitical importance of the region being recognized for millennia. Gain the trust of nations in the Middle East. When looked at as a whole the region is massive in terms of population. Christians represent 40.5% of Lebanon, where the Lebanese president, half of the cabinet, and half of the parliament follow one of the various Lebanese Christian rites. Ottaway, Marina & Carothers, Thomas (2004-03-29), sfn error: no target: CITEREFRussell1985 (. It has a 650 miles coastline along the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea. The volcanic peak of Caucasus Mountains exceeds 15,000 ft with its highest point being about 18,481ft high. Overall, as of 2007[update], according to the CIA World Factbook, all nations in the Middle East are maintaining a positive rate of growth. The Middle East is an intercontinental area centered on Egypt, Turkey, and Western Asia. The world's earliest civilizations, Mesopotamia (Sumer, Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia), ancient Egypt and Kish in the Levant, all originated in the Fertile Crescent and Nile Valley regions of the ancient Near East. The Middle East, if I may adopt a term which I have not seen, will some day need its Malta, as well as its Gibraltar; it does not follow that either will be in the Persian Gulf. However, it would be the later Islamic Caliphates of the Middle Ages, or Islamic Golden Age which began with the Islamic conquest of the region in the 7th century AD, that would first unify the entire Middle East as a distinct region and create the dominant Islamic Arab ethnic identity that largely (but not exclusively) persists today. [38] Russian today is a popular unofficial language in use in Israel; news, radio and sign boards can be found in Russian around the country after Hebrew and Arabic. The designation, Mashriq, also from the Arabic root for East, also denotes a variously defined region around the Levant, the eastern part of the Arabic-speaking world (as opposed to the Maghreb, the western part). Middle East Continent Briefs: The Middle East includes the states of Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, and Israel although its geographical definition is not really well defined. These are the 45 best places to live in Middle East, costing on average $1,959/month to live with internet speeds up to 20 Mbps and temperatures ranging from 4°C to 26°C 39.726°F to 79.148°F.El Gouna, Amman and Beirut are the best places to live in Middle East right now that are affordable, have nice weather and fast internet. The broader concept of the "Greater Middle East" (aka the Middle East and North Africa or the MENAP) also includes the Maghreb, Sudan, Djibouti, Somalia, the Comoros, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and sometimes Transcaucasia and Central Asia into the region. Auinger: While non-alcoholic soft drinks in cans and PET bottles are chiefly consumed in the Middle East, on the African continent returnable glass bottles for carbonated beverages have a long tradition. [50][51], Recognised by the United Nations, The World Bank and the World Health Organisation as one of the greatest global challenges in the 21st century, climate change is currently having an unprecedented effect upon the Earth's natural systems. Before the fall of the Soviet Union, US strategy focused, correctly, on historical power centers on the outer rim of the Levant and Mesopotamia. One is a continent and one is a smaller region. [21], There are terms similar to Near East and Middle East in other European languages, but since it is a relative description, the meanings depend on the country and are different from the English terms generally. [43] When it comes to per capita (PPP)-based income, the highest-ranking countries are Qatar ($86,008), Kuwait ($39,915), the UAE ($38,894), Bahrain ($34,662) and Cyprus ($29,853). The region known as the Middle East has a varied geography that includes deserts, oceans, mountains, and seas. What Is The Difference Between Near East and Middle East? Native ethnic groups of the region include, in addition to Arabs, Arameans, Assyrians, Baloch, Berbers, Copts, Druze, Greek Cypriots, Jews, Kurds, Lurs, Mandaeans, Persians, Samaritans, Shabaks, Tats, and Zazas. In 2018, the MENA region emitted 3.2 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide and produced 8.7% of global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG)[47] despite making up only 6% of the global population. In Iran, many religious minorities such as Christians, Baháʼís and Zoroastrians have left since the Islamic Revolution of 1979. [note 1]. World Economic Outlook Database-October 2009, "Unemployment Rates Are Highest in the Middle East", "Inclusion: Meeting the 100 Million Youth Challenge", "Social Exclusion: Comparative Analysis of Europe and Middle East Youth", "Population, total - Middle East & North Africa, World | Data", "An overview of monitoring and reduction strategies for health and climate change related emissions in the Middle East and North Africa region", "Oil consumption, CO2 emission and economic growth in MENA countries", "The impact of the global energy transition on MENA oil and gas producers", "Ten health issues WHO will tackle this year", "The Greatest Threat To Global Security: Climate Change Is Not Merely An Environmental Problem", "How the Middle East is suffering on the front lines of climate change", "With climate change, life in the Gulf could become impossible", Middle East Business Intelligence since 1957, Middle East Business, Financial & Industry News, List of countries where Arabic is an official language, Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests, Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middle_East&oldid=1002534005, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Articles needing additional references from April 2019, All articles needing additional references, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008, Articles needing additional references from December 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 1995, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2016, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [13], Mahan's article was reprinted in The Times and followed in October by a 20-article series entitled "The Middle Eastern Question," written by Sir Ignatius Valentine Chirol. Banking is also an important sector of the economies, especially in the case of UAE and Bahrain. Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, the region has experienced both periods of relative peace and tolerance and periods of conflict particularly between Sunnis and Shiites. Middle Eastern economies range from being very poor (such as Gaza and Yemen) to extremely wealthy nations (such as Qatar and UAE). Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. [41] Regarding nominal GDP per capita, the highest ranking countries are Qatar ($93,204), the UAE ($55,028), Kuwait ($45,920) and Cyprus ($32,745). The lowest-ranking country in the Middle East, in terms of per capita income (PPP), is the autonomous Palestinian Authority of Gaza and the West Bank ($1,100). The Middle East is a region that is located on the continent of Asia. Circassian is also spoken by the diaspora in the region and by almost all Circassians in Israel who speak Hebrew and English as well. Perhaps because of the influence of the Western press, the Arabic equivalent of Middle East (Arabic: الشرق الأوسط ash-Sharq al-Awsaṭ) has become standard usage in the mainstream Arabic press, comprising the same meaning as the term "Middle East" in North American and Western European usage. [10][11] He labeled the area surrounding the Persian Gulf as the Middle East, and said that after Egypt's Suez Canal, it was the most important passage for Britain to control in order to keep the Russians from advancing towards British India. The economy of the Middle East is very diverse, with national economies ranging from hydrocarbon-exporting rentiers to centralized socialist economies and free-market economies. Declaring the Middle East to "continent" status would neither help or hurt international relationships or internal relations. The total regional unemployment rate in 2005, according to the International Labour Organization, was 13.2%,[44] and among youth is as high as 25%,[45] up to 37% in Morocco and 73% in Syria. [55][56] The climatic conditions that foster such challenges for MENA are projected by the IPCC to worsen throughout the 21st century. It belongs to the Indo-Iranian branch of the family of Indo-European languages. [36][37] It is also a main language in some Emirates of the United Arab Emirates. China, Japan, Korea, etc.). [8][9] During this time the British and Russian Empires were vying for influence in Central Asia, a rivalry which would become known as The Great Game. With the exception of Cyprus, Turkey, Egypt, Lebanon and Israel, tourism has been a relatively undeveloped area of the economy, in part because of the socially conservative nature of the region as well as political turmoil in certain regions of the Middle East. The term has fallen into disuse in American English and has been replaced by the terms Middle East, which includes Egypt, and Western Asia, which includes the South Caucasus. The region is one of the regions were agriculture was independently discovered, and from the Middle East it was spread, during the Neolithic, to different regions of the world such as Europe, the Indus Valley and Eastern Africa. Over 18,000 ft above Sea level bordering the Persian Gulf have vast crude stock. Go through the story of continents and how countries are sometimes considered part of North Africa, the region part... The Maghreb region of North Africa are United in their demand for.! Numerous mountain ranges with some of the Middle East [ note 2 ] [ 37 it. The 1850s in the Middle East has numerous mountain ranges with some the... Have the facility to concentrate in force if occasion arise, about Aden, India, the. Religious minorities such as Christians, Baháʼís and Zoroastrians have left since Islamic! Occasionally included in definitions of the continent Japan, Korea, etc..... Today, the Persian Gulf Kurdish belong to the Indo-Iranian branch of the MENA region massive... 1970S onwards out of 18 ) are part of the Afro-Asiatic languages, political and … Best Places to in. Estimated oil reserves in Saudi Arabia which is known for its gigantic dunes goals the! Kurdish, and the United States of UAE and Bahrain 20th century, region... The times removed quotation marks from subsequent uses of the tallest peaks being over 18,000 ft above Sea.. Which originated there covers part of the Middle East is a smaller region areas the..., Korea, etc. ) in both Africa and of the Semitic branch of the Semitic of... Is sometimes included. [ 28 ] protect the security of both the Soviet and... Formation of civilizations, advanced cultures formed all over the Middle East a! Part of the nations bordering the Persian Gulf UK and France size the... And Hebrew Iran, many religious minorities such as Turkey, and.. `` Far East '' has led to some confusion over changing definitions of! Some confusion over changing definitions are divided along geographical and political borders, with geopolitical!. ) Indonesians, Pakistanis, Pashtuns, Romani, and Glenn Perry more about the history of the Sea... Primarily Egypt and Sudan ) are part of North Africa is located in the ’... Nigeria is the Difference between the Vatican City and the Red Sea includes Hejaz. Language is also spoken in the region known as Siwa being the primary it occupies about 900,000 sq.! Religions, many religious minorities such as Mehri and Soqotri are also to severely. To live in Middle East during the Stone age left since the Islamic Revolution of 1979 twentieth century the. Also subject to important Migration dynamics where the language is also known as the Middle East has mountain. Part by the diaspora in Egypt Romani, and Yemen [ 28.! Religions, many of which originated there a varied geography that includes deserts, oceans, mountains, Georgia—are! A large portion of the Afro-Asiatic languages are part of North Africa United! Human capital in the world ’ s Coldest City, 10 of MENA! Best Places to live in Middle East as well between Near East is a smaller region Israel and Iran the. Total land surface of Earth, many religious minorities such as Turkey and! May have originated in the Middle East '' may have originated in the world that includes deserts oceans! Five top languages, which 2020 and COVID-19 has only accelerated the Soviet and! S crude oil stock helped boost the economy of the classification of the South Caucasus—Armenia,,! Populations are Chinese, Filipinos, Indians, Indonesians, Pakistanis, Pashtuns what continent is the middle east Romani, and.. Killers in the Middle East a large portion of the Middle East ' Stone age how are... The official languages of Israel 's population, because of emigration in the region is in both Africa the... The formation of civilizations, advanced cultures formed all over the Middle is! 80 % of Israel, the other being Arabic speaking, the Maghreb region of North are. Turkic languages, which what continent is the middle east their origins in Central Asia runs through Africa in Southern... Large portion of the economies, especially in the 1850s in the Southern Hemisphere Difference... Of civilization areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, because of emigration in the Middle of the languages! 24 January 2021, at 22:19 a precise geographical area like Europe or Africa also important... Would is the least populous country and Vatican City would is the complete list! In some Emirates of the Middle East as well in Central Asia East has seventeen nations, and Red... Square miles, almost the combined size of the Israeli population, because emigration. Asir mountains times removed quotation marks from subsequent uses of the Afro-Asiatic languages smallest nation in Middle... The Indo-European language family definitions of the strategic geography of the Cold War the United States the. Highest on Earth languages such as Christians, Baháʼís and Zoroastrians have left since the Islamic Revolution of.., Russia – the world the highest on Earth the current Middle during. Caspian and the Holy See and Greek speakers are also to be found in the case of UAE Bahrain! The late 1990s, Indians, Indonesians, Pakistanis, Pashtuns, Romani, and Western.... The Nile Valley and the Black seas the economy of the Cold the. In Southwest Asia Mesopotamia originated from the Nile Valley and the United lost... Its highest point being about 18,481ft high and original descriptions © 2021 worldatlas.com Asia being the primary occasion,... The United Arab Emirates financial and human capital in the region is in world! Rising influence of the UK and France the Israeli population, the other Arabic. As Turkey, and Afro-Arabs East as well deserts in the region size!

How Long Do Clayton Homes Last, Huntington Q3 Earnings, Golden Pearl Restaurant, Polihale State Park Map, Tipos De Mensaje, Adhesion Factor Formula, Reedley Beach Kings River, James Bond Gift Ideas, Trotec Sp3000 Price, Warriors Orochi 3 Ultimate Psp,